Intelligence
- the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Multiple Intelligence- Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman and discovered this from a study of savants
There are 8 parts to Multiple Intelligence:
- Visual/Spatial
- Verbal/Linguistic
- Logical/Mathematical
- Bodily/Kinesthetic
- Musical/Rhythmic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Natural
Sternberg's 3 Aspects of Intelligence
- Analytically- academic and problem solving
- Creative- generative
- Practical- needed for everyday tasks
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
- "social intelligence"
- ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotion
- EQ>IQ
- .15 (Small) correlation between brain size and intelligence
How do we Assess Intelligence?
- Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created a concept called mental age
- Originally was to help children but is used to label them
- IQ= Mental Age/Chronological Age*100
- ineffective on adults
Modern Test for Mental Abilities
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale made of 11 subtests and cues us into strengths by using factor analysis
Aptitude vs Achievement
Aptitude- test to predict future performance
Achievement- test to see what a person has learned
Three parts to Construct Intelligence
- Standardized
- Reliable
- Valid
Standardization- test must be pre-tested to a small sample of people
Flynn Effect- Intelligence test performance has been rising
Reliability- results are consistent over time
Validity- extent to which a test measures what is supposed to be measured
- Content validity- does the test sample a behavior of interest?
- Predictive validity- does the test predict future behavior
Test Bias
- Test discriminate
LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
Language- spoken or gestured words to make meaning
Phonemes- smallest distinctive sound unit
Morphemes- In a language the smallest unit that carries meaning (prefixes & suffixes)
Grammar- a system of rules in language to communicate
Semantics- rules where we get meaning for language
Syntax- rules for combining words into sentences
Language Development
- Babbling Stage- (3-4 months) infant makes spontaneous sounds
- 1 word stage- (1-2 yrs) uses one word to communicate big meaning
- 2 word stage- (2 yrs) uses two words to speak (telegraphic speech)
Skinner- thought we explain language development thought social learning theory
Chomsky- learn language too quickly. have a "learning box" for learning human language
Whorf's Linguistic Relativity- idea that language determines the way we think (not vice versa)
Thinking
Cognition- everything around thinking, knowing, and remembering
Concepts- mental grouping of similar ideas etc.
Prototypes- examples
How do we solve problems?
Trial & Error- methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Heuristics rules of thumb for problem solving
- Representative- likelihood based on prototype
- Availability- estimate likelihood of events on our memory
Insight- sudden realization for a solution
Obstacles to problem solving
- Confirmation Bias- tendency to search for info that confirms ones preconception
- Match Problem (Fixation)- inability to see a problem from a different perspective
- Mental Set- tendency to approach a problem in a particular way if it worked in past
- Functional Fixedness- tendency to think of things only in their usual function
- Overconfidence- more confident than correct
- Framing- way an issue is proposed
- Belief Bias- pre-existing beliefs to go against logic
- Belief Perseverance- clinging to initial beliefs even after being proven wrong
MEMORY
Memory- persistence of learning over time (3 parts)
- Encoding- processing of info
- Storage- retention of info
- Retrieval- taking info out of storage
Recall vs Recognition
Recall- retrieve info from memory
Recognition- identify target from many
Flash Bulb Memory- clear moment of emotionally significant event
Three types of Memory
- Sensory- initial record of sensory info stored for an instant
- Short Term- holds a few items briefly, holds up to 7 digits (audio, visual, and integration of audio and visual)
- Long Term- permanent and limitless storage of memory
Two parts of Long Term
- Explicit- episodic and semantic memory
- Implicit- procedural and conditioned memory
Encoding Info
- Primary Effect
- Recency effect
- serial positioning effect
The way we encode
- Visual- encode images
- Acoustic- encode sound
- Semantic- encode meaning
Consturctive Memory- memory not always what they seem
Forgetting
- Retroactive Interference- new info out old info
- Proactive Interference- old info out new info
Storing Memories
- Long term Potential- long lasting enhancement in signal transmission between 2 neurons that results form stimulating them synchronously
SLEEP
Sleep- a state of consciousness, less aware of surroundings
Biological Rhythms
- Annual Cycles- seasonal variations
- 28 day: menstrual cycle
- 24 hour: circadian rhythm
- 90 minute cycle: sleep cycle
- 24 hour clock
Sleep Stages
- 5 stages
- 90-100 minutes
- 1st 4 are Non Rem sleep
- fifth is rem sleep
- kind of awake and asleep, Theta waves produced, few minutes
- "baseline" sleep, 90 minutes, 45-60% of sleep, Theta waves slower, sleep spindls
- 3 & 4 slow sleep waves, produce delta waves, feel groggy, body restoration and development
- REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) Brain is very active, paradoxical sleep, dreams, body is paralyzed, 20-25% of sleep, vivid dreams, go back to S2
LEARNING
- most learning we do is associative learning
3 main types
- Classical/Operant conditioning
- Observational learning/ latent learning
- Abstract learning/ insight learning
Classical conditioning- started with Ivan Pavlov ( 5 terms)
- acquisition- ucs causes the cr becoming the cs
- extinction- the diminishing of a cr
- spontaneous recovery- reappearance of a cr
- generalization- once a a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the cs to cause similar responses
- discrimination- ability to distinguish between cs and other stimuli
- Unconditioned stimulus (ucs)- stimulus that naturally causes a response
- Unconditioned response (ucr)- natural response to ucs
- Conditioned stimulus(cs)- stimulus that now triggers a response
- Conditioned response (cr)- learned response to a stimulus
